Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Research Report 2017

Table of Contents

1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Overview 1
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Thermoplastic Polyamide 1
1.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Segment by Types (Product Category) 2
1.2.1 PA 12 Type 2
1.2.2 PA 6 Type 3
1.2.3 PA 11 Type 3
1.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Segment by Applications 4
1.3.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Comparison by Applications (2012-2022) 4
1.3.2 Automotive Parts 5
1.3.3 Sporting Goods 5
1.3.4 Medical Industry 6
1.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market by Regions (2012-2022) 6
1.4.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size and Growth Rate (%) Comparison by Regions (2012-2022) 6
1.4.2 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 7
1.4.3 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 8
1.4.4 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 9
1.4.5 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Status and Prospect (2012-2022) 10
1.5 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size (2012-2022) 11
1.5.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 11
1.5.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 12
2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Competition by Manufacturers 13
2.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
2.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity (MT) and Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
2.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 14
2.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 16
2.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Average Price (USD/MT) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 17
2.4 Manufacturers Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Category 18
2.5 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Competitive Situation and Trends 19
2.5.1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Concentration Rate 19
2.5.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Share (%) of Top 3 Manufacturers 20
3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Regions (2012-2017) 21
3.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity (MT) and Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 21
3.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 22
3.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue and Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 23
3.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 25
3.5 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (2012-2017) 26
3.5.1 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 26
3.5.2 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 26
3.6 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (2012-2017) 27
3.6.1 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 27
3.6.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 28
3.7 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (2012-2017) 29
3.7.1 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 29
3.7.2 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 29
3.8 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (2012-2017) 30
3.8.1 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 30
3.8.2 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 31
4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) by Regions (2012-2017) 32
4.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) by Regions (2012-2017) 32
4.2 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) (2012-2017) 33
4.3 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) (2012-2017) 34
4.4 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) (2012-2017) 35
4.5 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) (2012-2017) 36
5 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Types 37
5.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Market Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 37
5.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Market Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 38
5.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price (USD/MT) by Type (2012-2017) 39
5.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth (%) by Type (2012-2017) 40
6 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Analysis by Applications 41
6.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) and Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017) 41
6.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Growth Rate by Applications (2012-2017) 42
7 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis 43
7.1 Arkema 43
7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 43
7.1.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category, Application and Specification 44
7.1.3 Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 46
7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview 47
7.2 Evonik 47
7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 47
7.2.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category, Application and Specification 49
7.2.3 Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 50
7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview 52
7.3 EMS-PATVAG 52
7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 52
7.3.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category, Application and Specification 53
7.3.3 EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 56
7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview 57
7.4 Ube 58
7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 58
7.4.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Picture 59
7.4.3 Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 60
7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview 61
7.5 Mingju Plastics 61
7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 61
7.5.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Picture 62
7.5.3 Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 63
7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview 64
8 Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturing Cost Analysis 65
8.1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Key Raw Materials Analysis 65
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials 65
8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 66
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 66
8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 67
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure 67
8.2.1 Raw Materials 68
8.2.2 Labor Cost 68
8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses 68
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Thermoplastic Polyamide 69
9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 70
9.1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Industrial Chain Analysis 70
9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing 70
9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Thermoplastic Polyamide Major Manufacturers in 2016 71
9.4 Downstream Buyers 71
10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders 73
10.1.1 Direct Marketing 73
10.1.2 Indirect Marketing 73
10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend 73
10.2 Market Positioning 73
10.2.1 Pricing Strategy 73
10.2.2 Brand Strategy 74
10.2.3 Target Client 74
10.3 Distributors/Traders List 74
11 Market Effect Factors Analysis 75
11.1 Technology Progress/Risk 75
11.1.1 Substitutes Threat 75
11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry 75
11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change 75
11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change 76
12 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Forecast (2017-2022) 77
12.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2017-2022) 77
12.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 77
12.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 77
12.1.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022) 78
12.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 79
12.2.1 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022) 80
12.2.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022) 82
12.2.3 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022) 84
12.2.4 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD) Forecast (2017-2022) 86
12.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 87
12.3.1 USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast (2017-2022) 87
12.3.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast (2017-2022) 88
12.3.3 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast (2017-2022) 89
12.3.4 Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast (2017-2022) 90
12.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 90
12.5 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Forecast by Application (2017-2022) 92
13 Research Findings and Conclusion 93
14 Methodology and Data Source 95
14.1 Methodology/Research Approach 95
14.1.1 Research Programs/Design 95
14.1.2 Market Size Estimation 96
14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 98
14.2 Data Source 99
14.2.1 Secondary Sources 99
14.2.2 Primary Sources 100
14.3 Disclaimer 101
14.4 Author List 102


List of Tables and Figures

Table Thermoplastic Polyamide Property 1
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) by Types in 2016 2
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2016 4
Figure Automotive Light Cover Examples 5
Figure Sporting Goods Examples 5
Figure Medical Industry Examples 6
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2012-2027) 6
Table Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size (Million USD) Comparison by Regions (2017-2022) 7
Figure USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 7
Figure China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 8
Figure Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 9
Figure Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2012-2022) 10
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 11
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT) Status and Outlook (2012-2022) 12
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity Market Share (%) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 13
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity Share of Key Manufacturers in 2016 14
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 14
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 15
Figure 2016 Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Share (%) by Manufacturers 15
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 16
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share (%) by Manufacturers (2012-2017) 16
Figure 2016 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share (%) by Manufacturers 17
Table Global Market Thermoplastic Polyamide Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers (2012-2017) 17
Figure Global Market Thermoplastic Polyamide Average Price (USD/MT) of Key Manufacturers in 2016 18
Table Manufacturers Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area 18
Table Manufacturers Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category 19
Figure Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) of Top 3 Manufacturers 20
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity (MT) by Regions (2012-2017) 21
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 21
Figure 2016 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity Market Share (%) by Regions 22
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) by Regions (2012-2017) 22
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 22
Figure 2016 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) by Regions 23
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) by Regions (2012-2017) 23
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 24
Figure 2016 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share (%) by Regions 24
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate (2012-2017) 25
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 25
Figure USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 26
Table USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 26
Figure Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 27
Table Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 28
Figure China Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 29
Table China Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 29
Figure Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 30
Table Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 31
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Market by Regions (2012-2017) 32
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Market Share (%) by Regions (2012-2017) 32
Figure 2016 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Market Share (%) by Regions 33
Figure USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 33
Figure Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 34
Figure China Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 35
Figure Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 36
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) by Types (2012-2017) 37
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 37
Figure 2016 Production Market Share (%) of Thermoplastic Polyamide by Types 38
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) by Types (2012-2017) 38
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share (%) by Types (2012-2017) 38
Figure 2016 Revenue Market Share (%) of Thermoplastic Polyamide by Types 39
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price (USD/MT) by Types (2012-2017) 39
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth (%) by Type (2012-2017) 40
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) by Applications (2012-2017) 41
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Market Share (%) by Applications (2012-2017) 41
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Market Share (%) by Applications in 2016 42
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Growth Rate by Applications (2012-2017) 42
Table Arkema Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 43
Table Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category, Application and Specification of Arkema 44
Table Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 46
Figure Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 46
Figure Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) (2012-2017) 47
Table Evonik Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 47
Table Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category, Application and Specification of Evonik 49
Table Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 50
Figure Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 51
Figure Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) (2012-2017) 51
Table EMS-PATVAG Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 52
Table Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Category, Application and Specification of EMS-PATVAG 53
Table EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 56
Figure EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 56
Figure EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) (2012-2017) 57
Table Ube Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 58
Figure Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Picture of Ube 59
Table Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 60
Figure Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 60
Figure Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) (2012-2017) 61
Table Mingju Plastics Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 61
Figure Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Picture of Mingju Plastics 62
Table Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (%) (2012-2017) 63
Figure Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) (2012-2017) 63
Figure Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share (%) (2012-2017) 64
Figure Structure Formula of Nylon 12 65
Figure Global Price Trend of PA 12 (USD/MT) 2011-2016 66
Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 66
Figure Global Manufacturing Cost Structure of Thermoplastic Polyamide in 2016 67
Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Thermoplastic Polyamide 69
Figure Thermoplastic Polyamide Industrial Chain Analysis 70
Table Raw Materials Sources of Thermoplastic Polyamide Major Manufacturers in 2016 71
Table Global Major Buyers of Thermoplastic Polyamide 71
Table Distributors/Traders List 74
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 77
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 77
Figure Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price and Trend Forecast (2017-2022) 78
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 79
Figure USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 80
Figure USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 81
Figure Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate Forecast (2017-2022) 82
Figure Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 83
Figure China Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 84
Figure China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 85
Figure Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 86
Figure Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 86
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 87
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Market Share (%) Forecast by Regions (2017-2022) 87
Figure USA Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 87
Figure Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 88
Figure China Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 89
Figure Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) and Growth Rate (%) Forecast (2017-2022) 90
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production (MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 90
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Share Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 90
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 91
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share (%) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 91
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price (USD/MT) Forecast by Type (2017-2022) 91
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption (MT) Forecast by Application (2017-2022) 92
Table Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Consumption Share Forecast by Application (2017-2022) 92
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report 95
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report 97
Figure Data Triangulation 98
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources 99
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources 100

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